The Game of Thrones season finale was tonight, and I thought this picture was a pretty apt analogy of the insurgent role software is starting to play in a business' ability to dominate not just their industry, but multiple industries:
Amazon is now closing on its acquisition of Whole Foods, and this WSJ article headline sums up the impending carnage that acquisition will cause in the retail sector:
Ben Horwitz stated it succinctly in the a16z podcast when he said
"What Amazon is doing is the right approach, which is, you have one business; you get it working and it generates money, and then it can generate enough money for you to add another business."
Amazon is able to acquire Whole Foods and lower its grocery prices for shoppers because Amazon is not in the grocery business. It's also not in the books business, nor the retail business. Amazon is in the software business. Amazon's deep core competency in software (indeed AWS is the infrastructure that powers much of Silicon Valley) enables it to extract value from Whole Foods in ways that the grocer could not do independently. For Amazon, Whole Foods is a top of funnel platform to drive more Amazon Prime members; to bring more people into the Amazon ecosystem. It can afford to cut through the razor thin margins that most grocers depend on to run their core businesses, suffocating them in the process.
The rising dominance of software-first companies like Amazon, Google, Facebook and Netflix has happened so quickly (only in the last decade or so) that it's taken most large companies by surprise. And that's not quite the right way to put it either because I don't believe that most enterprises yet feel the urgency of needing to make software a deep core competency for their very survival over the next decade.
Let Kodak be a guide for all enterprises that are reluctant to fully embrace the way technology is transforming their industries. The sneaky thing about technology is that it can look laughable and cute at first blush. Kind of like those baby Game of Thrones dragons when they first hatched. Then it matures and scorches the earth -- and not just in one industry, but across multiple industries.
It didn't have to turn out this way for Kodak. A Kodak engineer named Steve Sasson built the very first digital camera in 1973:
"Sasson showed these devices to his bosses at Kodak in 1975. At the time, it took 50 milliseconds to capture the image but 23 seconds to record it to tape... His bosses were unimpressed. “They were convinced that no one would ever want to look at their pictures on a television set,” Sasson told The New York Times." - Business Insider
Kodak was a 131 year old company that employed 145,000 people at its peak. It invented and patented the first digital camera. In 2001, it acquired Ofoto, an early photo sharing site. But Kodak's key error was, as FastCompany writes:
"Kodak seemed to want to drive digital behavior back to businesses it knew and could control. Rather than embrace digital, it wanted digital to fuel printing. First with the creation of cameras for the Kodak Easy Share line, then for printers and ink, Kodak wanted the warm glow of the bright yellow box and the family memories of a “Kodak Moment” to shift from digital sharing back to physical objects.
Is it possible for a company with legacy business holdings, and a history of owning a narrow sales channel, to evolve into a thriving digital enterprise?"
Software-first companies are already gaining strong footholds across multiple industries. Tesla in automotive. Betterment in finance. Netflix in entertainment. Lyft in transportation. The secret weapon of these companies is that software is scalable. A deep core competency in software creates a cocktail that's impossible for traditional companies to beat:
1. Speed: Software enables companies to learn faster, and therefore respond to the market faster. As Mark Zuckerberg said in Reid Hoffman's "Masters of Scale" podcast,
"The strategy of Facebook is to learn as quickly as possible what our community wants us to do. And that requires a culture that encourages people to try things and test things and fail, and it also requires building infrastructure to enable people to do that, because culture isn't enough by itself and the stuff isn't magic. At the end of the day, it comes from building infrastructure that enables it. So one of the things that I'm the most proud of and is really key to our success is this testing framework we've built."
"When you're building internet software that you can change every day, I think there's really something to the strategy of 'just learn and go as quickly as you can'... that's really core; I think more than any single product that we're working on at this point, that focus on larning quickly is the strategy of the company."
2. High gross margins: Software is scalable in a way that traditional businesses are not -- especially on a gross margin basis. While the airline industry has a gross margin of about 5%, the software industry has a gross margin of about 90%. Software-first companies can scale up with very strong gross margin, which they can re-invest to drive growth in adjoining industries. This is why, for example, Amazon has only had a few profitable quarters over the past 20 years.
Activist investors are starting to put pressure on corporate boards to extract more enterprise value from their businesses. I expect we'll see a lot more takeovers like Amazon's of Whole Foods as companies that truly embrace software eclipse those that don't -- or won't. At Armory, we've divided companies into five stages of software evolution:
Businesses that remain stuck in Stages 1 & 2 won't be able to compete over the next decade with those in Stage 5.
The reason my co-founders and I started Armory is to enable any business to make software a deep core competency and a competitive differentiator, and to get to Stage 5. As I wrote in our Company Manifesto, the very first baby step to winning with software is being able to deploy that software continuously to users, in the background like running water. Without that, even the best boardroom strategy is just talk. Just ask Kodak.
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Social Media Hardware
On DROdioI've had several people ask me what hardware I use to capture content. First, here are a few examples of the content I've captured:
Pew Research's "9 Tribes of the Internet" presentation
Mobile presentation at the Finnish Embassy
Here's what's in my bag of tricks (total cost $230.83):
Kodak Zi-6 HD Camcorder ($129.99 or get it refurbished for $99.99). This is a great little device and it captures video in HD. I prefer it over the very popular Flip camera for a few reasons: 1) It accepts external SD cards. This is a huge deal, as it gives you expandable storage (the camera uses about 1 gig every 15 mins, so you should get at least an 8 gig card for $20.51). 2) It uses regular AA batteries that can be swapped out when you need to, instead of having to recharge via USB connection.
I've had several people ask me what hardware I use to capture content. First, here are a few examples of the content I've captured: Pew Research's "9 Tribes of the Internet" presentation Mobile presentation at the Finnish Embassy Here's what's in my bag of tricks (total cost $230.83): Kodak Zi-6 HD Camcorder ($129.99 or get it refurbished for $99.99). This is a great little device and it captures video in HD. I prefer it over the very popular Flip camera for a few reasons: 1) It accepts external SD cards. This is a huge deal, as it gives you expandable storage (the camera uses about 1 gig every 15 mins, so you should get at least an 8 gig card for $20.51). 2) It uses regular AA batteries that can be swapped out when you need to, instead of having to recharge via USB connection. Vimeo Plus membership ($50/year), which allows me to upload HD video (YouTube allows this now too; I like the Vimeo interface better but you might not want to pay $50/year) USB Digital Voice Recorder (here's a good one from Amazon for $49.97). Make sure you get the type that just plugs into your computer using a USB connection - no cables required. Omnidirectional tabletop microphone ($22.99, plugs into the digital voice recorder). Great for capturing panelists by just putting it on the table; turns the surface area of the table into a microphone. A regular sized tripod, and the T-Pod tabletop tripod or the QuickPod ($17.37 on Amazon). These are critical to setting the Kodak Zi-6 camera up in places that aren't expecting you to be capturing content! Eneloop rechargable batteries (Costco & Sam's Club sell these for less than Amazon, about $20 for a set) You'll go through batteries quickly - about every 30 to 45 minutes on the Kodak camera, so always have replacements. The Kodak takes two AA batteries and my Olympus recorder takes one AAA (not sure about the RCA but probably similar). Some Additional Tips: I always put the voice recorder up by the speaker or panelists even if I'm videotaping using the Kodak HD camera. This way I get a clean audio source. If necessary, I can always splice them together using an editing program like iMovie, however I always try VERY hard to ensure there is no editing involved (i.e., get the Kodak HD video camera close enough to the speakers to be able to use its audio). Once you start editing, the content uploading process easily can take 10x as long. Do your best to never edit video, even if it looks less professional. Better to have it up & accessible than sitting on your to-do list because you haven't gotten around to doing the edits yet. By the way, an issue with getting the Kodak HD camera close will be that you can't get everyone in your shot if its a panel, etc. Here's a great blog post on a hardware hack to put a wide angle lens on a Flip camera. I haven't tried it on the Kodak yet, but it should work just as well. I have a contractor who transcribes my audio for between 50 cents to 1 dollar per minute of audio captured. This is another reason I use the digital voice recorder and the Kodak HD video camera. It's much easier to upload the audio and send it to her, than to wait until the video is uploaded. Let me know if you'd like her contact information. Also, by recording the audio separately, I can use AudioAcrobat to turn the audio into an iTunes Podcast. Also, Vimeo (and all the upload sites such as YouTube, Viddler, etc) has a limit of 1 gig per video, so I often have to upload the videos in segments (1 of 7, etc.) to upload the entire event.
The One Week Book is out (and I'm in material breach of Simon and Schuster's contract)
On SEBASTIAN MARSHALLThis speaks to the testament of a great team. Aaron Tucker suggested we put out the book in a week - and we did, and it's in the Kindle store.
The work really represents Aaron's vision as much as mine - he curated and got down to focusing on core themes and principals. The whole team has kicked ass and really made this together - Kendall Giles, Sachit Gupta, Yifei Zhang, Louis Eastman, and Curtis SerVass.
The whole situation is awe-inspirint. There's a couple little tweaks we could do, but it just speaks to the power of the digital age that we can put our a curated work in a single week of intensive team effort.
As a sidenote, I'm now clearly utterly in material breach of Simon and Schuster's publishing contract - they're now forced to ignore it and write it off (showing they're a paper tiger) or come tango with me and set American legal precedent in court.
:)